Characterization, antioxidant, ACE inhibition and toxicity evaluations of palm kernel cake-derived Alcalase® hydrolysate

Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin) kernel cake protein (PKCP) was extracted and hydrolyzed using Alcalase® 2.4L to obtain hydrolysate (PKCPH), then fractionated size exclusion chromatography. PKCPH consisted of predominantly fraction one (PKCPH1), containing two peptides (4.9 kDa 6.3 kDa) with functional amide (6.75–7.04 ppm) amine (1.5–2.0 groups. PKCP shared similar amino acid profiles. PKCPH1 had moderate amounts hydrophobic (23.60%) antioxidant (26.10%) acids, high hydrophobicity index (Ho 79.60), thus exhibiting the highest activity in mostly all assays. On other hand, two, PKCPH2 (58.8 kDa), possessed strong angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory (77.29%), but undetectable activity. Furthermore, viability (87–92%) negligible cytotoxic were revealed dosages (2 mg/mL) (1 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Salmonella reverse mutation (AMES), alkaline comet micronucleus (MNi) Besides, vivo acute oral toxicity test on Sprague Dawley albino rats showed negative outcome according consistent body organ weights as well normal morbidity. In short, is safe for potential applications formulation food nutraceutical products health benefits.